Tractor-trailers are essential to the United States (U.S.) economy. The annual value of freight transported in the U.S. in 2017 was $19 trillion, an increase from $18 trillion in 2012. Of the $19 trillion, $13.7 trillion (72%) was transported by the trucking industry. The high fuel consumption by …

Wound healing and disinfection of chronic wounds still pose significant challenges in the medical industry. Current treatments remain inadequate as they present health and life-quality challenges for patients and have high cumulative costs. After the formation of an open wound, adequate cleaning a…

Plasmodium falciparum (PF), a form of malaria, is the deadliest and most prevalent parasite in humans due to its pervasiveness in temperate areas of the underdeveloped world. In 2013, there were nearly 198 million cases of malaria and an estimated 584,000 deaths, mostly among African children (BCC…

The directional movement of biological cells in the presence of an applied electric field is known as galvanotaxis or electrotaxis. The majority of experiments related to galvanotaxis over the past two centuries have involved steady electric fields applied via electrodes placed in contact with a m…