Conventional thermal management methods such as air-cooling and liquid cooling methods commonly used for electronics present in laptops, desktop computers, and smaller electronic configurations show limitations when scaled up for complex electronics architectures. High-power and high-voltage elect…

Newer applications incorporating high-power electronics designs face greater thermal management challenges and impact systemic stability and reliability. Enhanced cooling techniques in these complex electronic systems rely on liquid cooling instead of air cooling. However, liquid cooling approache…

Computer processors are used every minute of every day in phones, cars, computers, TVs, and as the “Internet of Things” expands to refrigerators, toasters, and more processers define how we live our lives. These processors rely on mechanical oscillators and resonators that work togethe…

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was first used to characterize properties of a sample, including physical, material, electromechanical and chemical properties. For most of these multi-physical characterization schemes, an AFM tip scans over a sample while the tip is in contact with the surface. At t…